Simple Essay free essay sample

Therefore, some believe that high salary is the most important thing in their job. Others are of the opinion that people should work at jobs which is in their favorite. Each of views has its own merits. There are plausible reasons why many people look for jobs offering high salary. First of all, the fact remains that life is easier for those who have a plenty of money as they can do everything what they want, and do not have to think about whether they can afford it or not. No doubt, well paid job enable people to live in luxury house with all modern conveniences, to own the latest car, as well as cutting-edge machines which help housewives save amount of time and reduce physical effort. By this way, good salary possibly increases the quality of life. Due to earning large sum of money, my prosperous neighbor, for example, usually have an expensive holiday, eat in classy restaurant, and have ability to send their children to international school. We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However such job deprives the father of time for his family, meaning his children rarely see him. There are also strong reasons why others appreciate a work they enjoy. These people claim that money does not bring happiness, whereas enjoyable job not only makes your life happier, but also help you earn high earning in the near future. This due to the fact that you will find something interesting in your job that might seem dull and boring to others. As a result, you inevitably devote yourself heart and soul to your work, leading to you soon enhance the level of performance to get perfect result. As well as this, it highly likely that such job brings emotional satisfaction to worker and contribute to the development of company. It is reasonable to say that your boss will respect you, paying you higher salary, giving higher position. I am personally inclined to agree with the latter viewpoint I feel that enjoyable job, without doubt, obviously please you with happiness, successful and also money. Simple Essay free essay sample The democratic country of Panama has strong economic assets and is well governed which will exploit these assets to the good of its citizens and those wise enough to invest in Panama’s future. The Canal expansion will boost growth by an average of 1% in each of the next two years, which should partially offset the effects of a still weak U. S. economy. Economists predict and expect the economic growth in Panama to be around 4. 5% in 2010 and 5. 5% in 2011. Solid economic growth, enhanced tax collection, and spending restraint have helped improve the government’s fiscal position over the past few years. Fiscal improvements have helped reduce Panama’s public debt (domestic and external) from 70% of GDP in 2004 to an estimated 47% last year. In addition, good debt management has allowed the government to extend the average maturity of its obligations and reduce interest rates. Over the medium-long term, Panama’s economy will continue to benefit from its position as a major international hub. We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Further, the Canal expansion is expected to boost growth above potential until 2014. EDC Economics does not expect any radical change in economic policy by the recently elected government. [line] Political Until the May 2009 Presidential election, the fight for political power in Panama had been essentially limited to the Partido Revolucionario Democratica (PRD) and the Partido Panamenista (PP). Both of these parties are on the right of the political spectrum and made up of elites that move smoothly between business and politics depending on the opportunities at hand. However, for the May 2009 elections, the PP joined forces with the small Democratic Change (CD) party which led to the election of CD’s candidate Ricardo Martinelli as the new President of Panama. Martinelli, a successful local businessman, centered his presidential campaign on the necessity to bring â€Å"radical change† to the country, especially now that the effects of the global economic downturn are being felt in Panama. Not surprisingly, during his first weeks in power, President Martinelli praised liberal policies as the essential path to prosperity and development. Panama is firmly within the US sphere of influence, although politicians are careful to outwardly steer a path between the Americans and other countries such as Venezuela. The impact of the powerful forces of authoritarianism, military dominance, the US presence, and the oligarchy continues to permeate Panamanian politics and, in tandem with the strategic and economic importance of the Panama Canal, are variables that account for current and future political strategies. Panama is very attractive to investors given its fully dollarized economy with no exchange risk; an absence of barriers to repatriation of funds, low inflation, and its stable and sophisticated banking sector. Panama faces no threats of hostility either domestically or externally. Street protests and strikes are regularly used to attempt to sway political decisions and demonstrate public dissatisfaction, as it was the case in March 2010 when police clashed with protesters rallying against a recently passed tax reform bill. These protests however do not pose a threat to the country’s overall security or political stability. Smuggling and money laundering are issues of concern. Lack of aerial surveillance has made Panama a popular location for illegal runways that serve the drug trade. There is also evidence that powerful Mexican cartels are operating in Panama, and it is believed that fund-raising activities are being conducted in the Free Trade Zone.

Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision Essays

Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision Essays Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision Paper Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision Paper Although vertebrates and invertebrates originally evolved from a common ancestral root, both have developed very different physical utilities for vision. Both are fairly effective and have taken many millions of years to evolve. They contain many common underlying mechanisms but differ in the features used to provide them. The definition of an eye is an organ of visual perception that includes parts specialized for optical processing of light as well as well as photoreceptive neurons (Alberts). The main feature of an eye therefore, in all organisms that possess one, is the collection of photoreceptors used in converting light energy into action potentials (electrical energy). When comparing vertebrate and invertebrate vision, the two best-studied cases are the compound eye exemplified by arthropods and the simple eye used in vertebrates. The main difference between the compound and simple eye is that the compound eye uses a spatial array of lenses so that each image in a local region of visual space falls onto one or a few photoreceptors. The simple eye, however, uses a single lens to image the world onto an array of photoreceptors. Compound eyes produce mosaic images. The compound eye is made up of many optical units called ommatidiums, each of which is aimed at a different part of the visual field. Each ommatidium samples a different part of the visual field through a separate lens. In a simple eye, each receptor cell samples part of the field through a lens shared by all receptor cells. In compound eyes, each ommatidium samples an angular cone-shaped portion of the environment, taking in about 2-3i of the visual field. In contrast, each receptor of a simple eye may sample as little as 0. 2i of the visual field. In addition, the simple eye, inverts the image that falls on the retina. Since the receptive field of each ommatidium is relatively large, compound eyes have lower visual acuity than simple eyes. The mosaic image formed by a compound eye is also coarser than that of a simple eye. The simple eye in vertebrates focuses incident light in two stages. In the initial stage, incident light rays are refracted as they pass through the clear outer surface of the eye, called the cornea. They are further refracted as they pass through a second structure, the lens, and finally form an inverted image on the rear internal surface of the eye, the retina. Objects at different distance can be focussed in higher vertebrates by changing the curvature and thickness of the lens, which affects its focal length, the distance at which an image passed through the lens comes into focus. Diffraction is a property of all light and because of this, the angular resolution (resolving power) of any eye is limited by the diameter of its lens. The larger the lens diameter, the higher spatial resolution. The biggest problem for compound eyes is that the resolution is limited because the facets of the individual lens are so small. A compound eye of a given size will have a much lower resolving power than a simple eye of the same size. Optical superposition compound eyes are one way of increasing the effective lens diameter. This structure works by using several separate elements to image incident rays onto a single point, such as a single photoreceptor. This method is used in insects such as fireflies. Another way, is to use neural superposition. Simple eyes on the other hand, use a single lens, and have evolved entirely separately in the cephalopods and vertebrates. The octopus is a good example because the optical design of its eyes is remarkably similar to the vertebrate eye. The one major difference, however is that in octopus eyes, as in all fish eyes, the lens is much more powerful because it has to compensate for the loss in refractive power from the cornea, due to being underwater. Simple eyes have a much larger lens diameter which means that the spatial resolution achievable is much higher than is ever possible with a compound eye. Experiments by Kirschfeld have suggested that in order to obtain the same spatial resolution as a human eye, a compound eye would need to be about 1m across. The eye is a complex structure which has caused many arguments between evolutionary biologists and theologists. Theologists believe that the eye is so perfectly designed to harvest light, and that no intermediary design would be effective, that it must have been created by a divine designer. Biologists believe that it was created step-by-step through natural selection, and that any one step is always an improvement on the last, and thus the eye did not have to be this complex to be of benefit. This argument can be backed up by the evidence of optical diseases in which humans are handicapped in their sight, yet to them, the vision they have is better than none at all, as was a primitive form of an eye. Myopia (short-sightedness) and hypermetropia (long-sightedness) occur when the optical image of a point at infinity (i. e. he far point) falls respectively in front of or behind the retina. These errors commonly occur when the eyeball is too long, or too short, and is easily corrected with a concave or convex lens. These diseases are commonly found amongst the elderly who no longer have such deformable lens and so have difficulty varying the curvature of the lens, and thus focussing on objects at different distances effectively. This is an accommodation problem. Accommodation (discovered by Helmholz) is brought about by the ciliary body that acts on the zonular fibres that support the lens. It contains circumferential (circular) muscle fibres that allow it to act as a sphincter. The lens can be dilated by relaxing the circumferential fibres, and is said to be unaccommodated. The radial fibres of the ciliary body also act by pulling outwards on the zonular fibres that support the lens, thereby thinning it. The lens is accommodated when the circumferential fibres contract, and the lens is forced to shrink. The tension in the zonular fibres is reduced, and the lens is allowed to relax into a thicker, more curved shape, with greater refractive power. A related neuronal mechanism produces binocular convergence, in which the left and right eyes are positioned by the ocular muscles so that the images received by the two eyes fall on analogous parts of the two retinas, regardless of the distance between the object and the eyes. When an object is close, each of the two eyes must rotate towards the middle of the nose; when an object is far away, the two eyes rotate outward from the midline. Photoreceptors transduce photons of electromagnetic radiation from the visible light spectrum, into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. The energy of the electromagnetic radiation varies inversely with its wavelength, and we perceive this variation in energy as variation in colour. The outermost layer of the vertebrate retina includes two classes of photoreceptor in vertebrates: rods and cones. There are about 100 million rods in the eye and 5 million cones. A small central area called the fovea, is densely packed with cones, but in the periphery, rods outnumber cones by 20:1. Cones function best in bright light and provide high resolution, whereas rods function best in dim light but provide much less resolution. In humans, cones mediate colour vision, and rods mediate achromatic vision. These different properties are used to expand the visual capabilities of animals living in certain conditions. For example, animals that live in flat, open environments such as rabbits, usually have horizontal regions within the retina that contain a high density of cones. This concentration of cones is called the visual streak. This region corresponds to the horizon in the visual world and is thought to confer maximal resolution in this part of the scene, allowing the animal to interpret shapes on the horizon with great precision. A receptor current exists for all sensory receptors which are usually modulated by the stimulus. In the case of vertebrate photoreceptors, the light stimulus actually reduces the circulating current, by causing the closure of ion channels. Although both invertebrates and vertebrates have eyes containing photoreceptors, they differ in their structure. Vertebrate receptor cells contain a segment with an internal structure similar to that of a cilium. This cilium connects the outer segment, which contains the photoreceptive membranes to the inner segment, which includes the nucleus and mitochondria. The photoreceptors of many invertebrates lack the ciliary structure that connects the inner and outer segments of vertebrate rods and cones and the lamellae and or stacks of disks containing visual pigment. Instead, the visual pigment is located in the microvilli formed by the plasma membrane, and these pigment-containing microvilli are organised into rhabdomeres. Visual pigments consist of 2 major components: a protein (opsin) and a light-absorbing molecule (either retinal or 3-dehydroretinal). Opsins are protein visual pigment molecules consisting of 7 transmembrane ? -helix domains. Opsins are coupled to photopigment molecules that are structurally altered by the absorption of photons, and in turn modify the opsin protein. The retinal molecule assumes two sterically distinct states in the retina. In the absence of light, the opsin and retinal are linked covalently and retinal is in an 11-cis formation. The covalent bond allows this light-absorbing molecule to act as a powerful antagonist. On capturing a photon, the retinal isomerises into the all-trans configuration, initiating a series of changes in the visual pigment, as the molecule is rendered enzymatically active. When light hits the photopigment, an intermediate metharhodopsin II forms that activates the G-protein transducin. Transducin activity closes Na+ channels and the receptor cell hyperpolarizes. Activated rhodopsin is hydrolysed spontaneously to retinal and rhodopsin which is hydrolysed spontaneously to retinal and opsin which are both used repeatedly. Studies made on the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus have revealed a lot about vision. The crab has paired lateral compound eyes as well as five simple eyes: medial and lateral pairs on the dorsal surface and a single unpaired simple eye on the ventral surface. The compound eyes are typical compound eyes whereas the simple eyes are similar in structure to the simplest eye known, which consists of a shallow open pit lined with photoreceptor cells that are backed by screening pigment. Each ommatidium of a compound eye contains several photoreceptor cells. The photoreceptor cells of the Limulus compound eye are located at the base of each ommatidium. Each ommatidium lies beneath a hexagonal section of an outer transparent layer, the corneal lens. Visual transduction takes place in 12 retinular, or photoreceptor, cells. Each retinular cell has a rhabdomere, a part of the cell in which the plasma membrane is thrown into densely packed microvilli, making this the part of the cell that captures light energy. The microvilli greatly increase the surface area of the plasma membrane, which increases the probability that incident light will be captured by the rhodopsin molecules embedded in the membrane. Together, the 12 rhabdomeres of the retinular cells make up a rhabdome, which surrounds the dendrite of an afferent neuron, the eccentric cell. Depolarisations of the plasma membrane can be recorded in the retinular cells when the eye is exposed to very dim light. These quantum bumps increase in frequency as the light intensity increases (i. e. as more photons impinge on the receptors). The bumps are electrical signals generated as a result of the absorption of individual quanta of light. How can capture of a single photon lead to rapid release of so much energy? In this case, through a cascade of chemical reactions inside the cell that includes G-protein activation. Activation of the G-protein cascade occurs by diffusional contact between activated rhodopsin and molecules of G-protein, which are activated sequentially, as explained above; the activated g-protein in turn activates an effector enzyme, the PDE (phosphodiesterase); this is a 1:1 step, i. e. it has no amplification. A second stage of amplification occurs because the activated PDE is an enzyme which catalyses the destruction of cGMP. The net effect is to open ion channels, allowing cations to enter the cell. In Limulus, the receptor current through the light activated channels is carried by Na+, K+ and some Ca2+. This current causes a depolarising receptor potential. When the light goes off, the channels close again, and the membrane repolarises. The sensitivity of individual photoreceptors drops with exposure to light. This light adaptation is thought to be mediated by Ca+ ions, which enter the cells when light causes ion channels to open and which by some mechanism then reduce the current through light-activated channels. Although the Limulus eye is simple compared to that of invertebrates, the visual system is capable of generating electrical activity that parallels some of the more sophisticated features of human visual perception. The crab does however lack the degree of colour perception seen by the human eye, because it lacks the short and long wave colour pigments in its cones. It is interesting to see how two totally different mechanisms of visual perception can be so different yet interrelated in many ways, and that they have involved independently to perform the same function.

Financial Services Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Services Marketing - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the term promotional mix is referred to the combination of various promotional methods that can be adopted by an organization in order to promote the products as well as services in the market. The promotional mix related to products and services is different from the financial promotional mix. The term ‘marketing mix’ is a broad concept in the fields of marketing and the promotional mix is considered as the element of ‘marketing mix’. In today’s marketing environment, the promotional mix is much essential as it communicates to customers about the new products and inspires them to buy. The financial services industry has been facing challenges for several years in marketing fields. Though the market of financial industries is considered as a matured one, however, the industries are facing long-standing downward trend. The financial service organizations use traditional approach of promotion mix and the related tools for marketing the services. As a result, it has a negative impact on their impression of marketing. The promotional tools adopted by financial institutions and banks are inadequately received by customers. The promotion of products in the market is conducted with several objectives. An organizational effectiveness can be increased signifying that sales force can be stimulated. There will be a rise in profits as well as the competitiveness of the organization in the market. The sales revenue will enhance and also the awareness level of the products may increase. Through the promotional methods information can be delivered to the target markets and may help in creating desire among the customers. The promotional tools if applied in an efficient manner may assist to improve the image of the products in consumers’ mind. The premium price will also reduce to certain extent (Jackson, 2010). 1.2 Tools and Factors of Promotional Mix Various promotional tools of promotional mix that are used by a marketer for promoting the products as well as services are advertising, promotion, public relations, sponsorship, personal selling, packaging, exhibitions as well as point of sales. In financial service marketing, these tools are used differently by a marketer (Jackson, 2010). Advertising is a paid format of non-personal communication by the utilization of mass media that involves television, outdoor, radio to reach the target market (Jackson, 2010). The financial organizations use television advertisement for creating awareness of the organization as well as their products in the customers’ mind. The constancy along with reliability of organization also assured the customers through advertisement tool. The financial organizations focus on general or corporate themes instead of product-specific themes. The intangible products are expressed through certain actions and events in order to provide its benefits associated with the desired product. Financial Services Act (1986) has set certain conditions in relation to the advertisement of financial services. The advertisement needs to show about the cause of misuse of the products to the customers (Alajmi, 2011). Personal Selling relates to the ‘interaction between a buyer and a seller’ (Jackson, 2010). It also refers to personal communication with the customers about the products as well as services and therefore encourages them to make purchase decision. Since personal selling is interactive, it acts as a vital tool in financial organization. However, the representatives from the organization can easily communicate with the customers by providing them with potential messages and relevant

Joint replenishment inventory (Can-order replenishment system) Thesis

Joint replenishment inventory (Can-order replenishment system) - Thesis Example Method Used: In the provided article of Silver (1981), different systems rather than methods have been widely utilised for the purpose of lessening setup expenses incurred based on per unit time. In precise, for keeping a greater control of costs associated with replenishment in the form of decreasing the same, the author Silver (1981) considered a definite control system, which was denoted as (S,c,s) system. Apart from this, another system i.e. Compound Poisson Demand was also being used for the fulfilment of the above stated objective. Based on the article of Silver (1981), it can be found that in consideration of the above discussed two particular methods were able to fulfil the stated objective, which is discussed in the section below. Results and Conclusion: While explaining the results and drawing a suitable conclusion about how the selected control systems such as Compound Poisson Model and (S,c,s) mechanism had attained success in lessening the setup replenishment costs, it will be vital to mention that utmost focus was laid upon inventory levels. In this regard, according to the article of Silver (1981), the control system i.e. (S,c,s) mechanism was used wherein distinct inventory levels were reviewed incessantly with determining the persistent inventory positions. On the other hand, the Poisson Model was executed to enlarge the probability allocation of entire demand of a particular item, which occurs during the interval of replenishment lead time. In terms of results, the article of Silver (1981) revealed that execution of (S,c,s) mechanism is capable to diminish the setup replenishment costs by checking the execution times and developing computerised routines with satisfying specified service constraints. Thus, in conclusion, it can be affirmed that the concepts including lead time and inventory levels affect the replenishment costs to be increased or reduced by a considerable

Module 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Module 7 - Essay Example The merger is an investment made by Alaska since it acquires another company, Estoya. Therefore, taking Estoya as an asset, the return on investment (ROI) based on the proposed purchase price (1 billion) and the annual cash flows (500million) would be (500,000,000/ 1,000,000,000) = 50% (Braff, 2013). The merger situation involves a required rate of return by the investors and a prospective growth in the future cash flows generated by the targeted company (Estoya Inc.). The information on cash flow, growth rate and the required rate of return is to be used to determine the market value of the targeted firm. Thereafter, it will be simple to decide whether the suggested purchase price of 1 billion new sols is higher or lower than the estimated market value of the targeted firm. The targeted company’s EBIT multiple is determined by dividing the purchase price by the annual cash inflows (1,000,000,000/500,000,000) = 2. The determined multiple (2), is interpreted to mean that Alaska Corporation should pay 2 new sol per 1 new sol of the Estoya’s cash flow. As a result, Alaska corporation should pay a total of (2*500,000,000) = 1,000,000,000 new sol. Since the targeted company’s rate of return is above Alaska’s required rate of return, the merger should be se ttled at 1 billion new sols. That is, Alaska Inc. should pay 1 billion new sols for Estoya Corporation. Based on the estimated value of the targeted company, the maximum price to be paid by Alaska Inc. should be 1 billion new sol (University of Virginia, n.d.). The cash flow generated from the investment is 7 million Yuan annually. The two mentioned country risks, influences the project as follows: the 30% chance that the Chinese government will require the cash flows earned by Kansas Company at the end of one year be reinvested in China for one year before it can be remitted influences the cash flow considered for the

Statutory Requirements for Childcare

Statutory Requirements for Childcare MARY MCALLISTER The Early Years Statutory Framework is mandatory for all early years providers, who LEGAL force by an order made under section 39(1)(a) of the Childcare Act 2006. The safeguarding and welfare requirements are given LEGAL force by regulations make under the section 39(1)(b) of the Childcare Act 2006. Ofsted has regard to the Early Years foundation Stage (EYFS) in carrying out inspections and reports on the quality and standards of provision. The EYFS statutory framework recognises that; ‘children learn best when they are healthy, safe and secure, when their individual needs are met, and when they have positive relationships with the adults caring from them.’ The framework also outlines what all providers must do to safeguard children, ensure the suitability of adults who have contact with children, promote good health; manage behaviour and maintain records. Good. The statutory Framework requirements promoting the safeguarding and welfare of children were written to ensure the protection and safety from harm of every child within the Early Years Setting. Some Child Protection As part of the statutory requirements, providers must have and be able to implement a policy and procedures to safeguard children in line with the guidelines and procedures of the relevant Local Safeguarding Children’s Board (LSCB). The Framework clearly outlines the responsibility of the provider with respect to identifying and responding to the signs of possible abuse and neglect and the provision of staff training to recognise this. Suitable People The statutory framework also states that; ‘Providers must ensure that people looking after children are suitable to fulfil the requirements of their roles.’ Providers need to ensure that they have effective systems in place to vet anyone coming into regular contact with the children within the setting are suitable to do so. It is the responsibility of the childcare provider to obtain enhanced criminal records disclosure and barred list checks for every person aged 16 and over who; works directly with children; who lives on the premises where the childcare is being provided and/or works on the premises where the childcare is provided. The provider must keep records of all practitioners’ checks and qualifications and be able to produce this during an Ofsted inspection. Staff Qualifications, training, support and skills Staff training is recognised as being an essential part of providing high quality care. Providers need to ensure that staff is made aware of their roles and responsibilities. Their training should include; evacuation procedures, safeguarding , child protection and the policies and procedures regarding reporting cases of suspected abuse or neglect and health and safety issues. The provider must also ensure that staffs have the relevant qualifications to work with children and that staff:child ratios are adhered to. At least one member of staff with a paediatric first aid certificate must be on the premises at all times. Good. Health The framework outlines that policy and procedures should be in place to respond to children who are ill or infectious and the necessary steps to be taken to prevent spread of infection to other children. Administration of medicine should only occur where it has been prescribed for that child and with the parent’s written consent. Food and drink Any areas used for the preparation of food must be adequately equipped to provide healthy meals, snacks and drinks. These areas must be clean and suitable sterilisation equipment available for the preparation of food and mild for babies. Those responsible for the preparation of food and food handling must receive the appropriate up to date training. Cases of food poisoning involving two or more children on the premises must be reported to Ofsted. Failure to do so is an offence. Early years providers and practitioners have a primary responsibility for the safety of the children in their care. There are a number of legal and regulatory requirements that help protect children (and adults) in any setting; some of which have already been discussed. When considering how best to keep children safe within the setting it is important that the practitioner is familiar with the following legislation as it pertains to their particular area if practice. Managing behaviour The statutory framework states that, ‘Providers must have and implement a behaviour management policy and procedures. A named practitioner should be responsible for behaviour management, and have the necessary skills to advise other staff on behaviour issues.’ Corporal punishment should NEVER be used as a form of discipline and if used would constitute an offence. There are many ways of dealing with the various types of behaviour that can arise within an early years setting and the recommended approach is one that is child-centred and non punitive. Educational psychologist B.F. Skinner suggested that most humans and animals learn through exploring the environment and then drawing conclusions bases on the consequences of their behaviour. Skinner goes on to suggest that positive reinforcers are likely to make people repeat a behaviour in order to get something they desire. In the case of young children this could be praise, a sticker or merit award, adult attention etc. Th is, skinner believed was the most positive and effective way of encouraging new learning behaviours. Child-centred approaches to behaviour focus on the underlying causes to prevent unwelcome behaviours and can be very effective, whereas simply managing or containing behaviour may not result in longer term improvement. Good point and link to Skinners theory. While the environment in which children are cared for must be stimulating, they must also be safe. Young children have little sense of danger and so require constant adult supervision, where they are given the freedom to explore, discover and develop unhindered. Risk assessment is an important part of health and safety procedures, and the idea is to evaluate possible risks during activities and in the environment and then to consider how best to minimise them. Having a policy and procedures in place is essential as there is not only a moral duty to keep children safe, but also a legal one. The statutory framework outlines the following areas to be considered: The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 This act places overall responsibility for health and safety with the employer but also on the employees, so everyone in a setting has some responsibility for the health and safety of everyone who is there. In the context of an early years setting as it pertains to the safety of the children the act covers the following: Buildings should be well maintained and designed with the safety of the users in mind, The general environment should be clean and safe. Equipment must be safely used and stored. Working practice must promote the health and safety of children. Articles and substances should be stored and used safely Adequate welfare facilities should be available Appropriate information, training and supervision should be made for the health and safety of employees. Certain injuries, diseases and occurrences should be reported to the Health and safety Executive. First Aid facilities should be provided. Employees should take care of their own health and safety and that of others affected by their actions. Employees should cooperate with their employer on health and safety. Product marking: Toys and products used within the early years setting should be tested by the British Standards Institution (BSI) and carry a kite mark as proof that they have been independently tested and conform to the relevant standards. They may also carry a CE mark which indicates that the product meets the European legal requirements; however this is not a safety or quality mark. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health COSHH Regulations 2002 covers substances which can cause ill-health and the legislation lays down a step by step approach to the precautions that need to be put in place to prevent injury or illness from dangerous substances. These substances must have particular labels on them, which show the substances are dangerous and need to be kept in special containers and carefully stored. The importance of this cannot be over emphasised as children can easily ingest such substances causing considerable harm. Every person working with children is responsible for their safety. It is important that the environment children are working and playing in is regularly checked, before and during activities. The following points should be considered: Buildings and maintenance Doors opening into entrances and exits from the building must NOT be capable of being opened by young children. Emergency exits must be clear and easy to open from the inside. Floors should not have any loose rugs or pieces of carpet. Low-level glass should be safety glass of covered with a guard. Electrical sockets should be covered. Cleanliness of the general environment There should be a high standard of cleanliness throughout the building. Spillages should be immediately cleaned. Toilet areas should be regularly cleaned and checked. Food preparation areas All staff dealing with food should have a food hygiene certificate. All regulations relating to food storage should be in place. Safe storage and use of equipment Cupboards at ‘child-level’ should not contain cleaning items, knives, tools or any other potentially dangerous items. Toys with very small parts should be kept away from children under three years old. Heaters and radiators should be covered and not a risk to children. Outdoor areas Outdoor slides, swings etc. Should be safe and have impact absorbing matting provided. Young children should not be able to open gates. Sandpits should be kept covered when not in use. As a general rule equipment should be regularly checked for wear and tear, such as fraying ropes and rusty joints. Check equipment before use to ensure that it is clean and dry especially slides and steps. Children should have enough space to play and move freely without bumping into each other or objects. Appropriate adult-child ratios should be maintained and supervising adults should be able to see all the children. Good. Swings and rope ladders should be used by only one child at a time and other children discouraged from getting too close in case they are hurt by a swing or rope. First aid provision Young children invariably have accidents and injure themselves and at such times can become frightened and upset. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to know what to do in an emergency and to carry out the appropriate first aid calmly and confidently. In accordance with the Health and Safety at work Act 1974 and the statutory requirements of the EYFS the early years provider must ensure that there is at least one member of staff with a current paediatric first aid certificate present at all times on the premises and that there is a well stocked up to date first aid kit available. There must be policies and procedures in place to deal with and record all accidents and their treatment as well as current phone numbers to contact parents or a designated adult in the event of a child requiring emergency treatment. In the event of serious injury or death the provider must comply with the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR). Premises The framework states that, ‘The premises and equipment must be organised in a way that meets the needs of the children.’ The indoor space requirements are: Children under two years: 3.5m ² per child. Two year olds: 2.5m ² per child Children aged three to five years 2.3m ² per child. The provider must also ensure the following: Facilities and equipment and access to the premises are suitable as far is reasonably possible accessible to children with disabilities. That there is access to outdoor activities. Provision of a quiet area for children who wish to relax or sleep. Adequate toilet and hand washing facilities. Child care settings should have secure entrance doors that sound an alarm or require buzzer activation to alert staff to anyone coming into the premises. It is important to check that other adults coming in are allowed to be there and that they sign in and out; not only for security purposes but also in case of fire or accident on the premises. It is also important to ascertain from parents those adults who will have responsibility for collecting their child at the end of the day. There should be procedures in place for parents to inform the setting if a different adult is to collect a child at the end of the day. However the practitioner should never be afraid of challenging someone they are not familiar with. It is also important to take care when people are leaving the setting that no other children are nearby and able to slip out the door unnoticed. References: [1] Statutory Framework for the Early Years foundation Stage. (March 2012). Department of Education.  https:// www.educataion.gov.uk/publications/standard/AllPublications/Page1/DFE-00023-2012 [2] COSHH assessment: identifying hazard and assessing risk.  Available online at:  www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/basics/assessment.htm. [3] Tassani, Penny; Bulman, Kath; Beith, Kate (2005) Children’s Care, Learning and Development (2nd edition), Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-44851-6 [4] The Health and Safety at work Act 1974  Available online at: www.hse.gov.uk/legislation/hswa.htm [5] RIDDOR  Available online at: www.hse.gov.uk/guidance/index.htm [6] B.F. Skinner – Operant Conditioning  www.simplepsychology.org/operant-conditioning.htm

Beowulf and Christianity Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Morality, a standard of right behavior, was one of the most important characteristics during the Anglo-Saxon era. The story Beowulf depicted many virtues of the times. Beowulf holds his morals and virtues above all else, from the way he fought in battle until the day he died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beowulf showed his honor as he traveled from his homeland to battle the vicious monster Grendel, who was terrorizing the Danes. Grendel â€Å"raided and ravaged† (105) the mead hall, showing no honor by killing inebriated men in their sleep. Beowulf proved his honor by deciding to â€Å"spurn all weapons†(338) and fight Grendel â€Å"with hand grip only†(342) thus declining an upper hand on his foe. Beowulf’s honor is apparent again when he describes the contest between himself and his boyhood friend Breca. Beowulf and ...